Monday, December 19, 2011
Monday, December 12, 2011
Activity 3.1.2
Introduction
Most locations within the United States fall within a municipality that regulates land use within its jurisdiction. Land Use regulations are designed to protect and promote the public health, safety, and general welfare. Typically they include Zoning Ordinances that control development by designating areas for specific types of use. These ordinances include laws that control a wide variety of development activities within each zoning area, including building construction, parking lot design, entrances and exits from property, water and sewer facilities, storm water runoff, and landscaping.
As part of local Land Use regulations, many municipalities have adopted the International Building Code to regulate the design and construction of non-residential buildings. Although some jurisdictions within a state may not use the IBC, state or local regulations will typically adopt the IBC by reference, meaning that the requirements of the IBC apply within the jurisdiction of that state or other government body.
Rules that control other aspects of development vary and are published by each municipality. It is important to identify the codes and regulations that apply to a project and become familiar with the requirements for development before beginning the design of a project.
Equipment
· Keystone Library Site Location Map
· Keystone Library Site Plan
· City of Noblesville, Indiana Code of Ordinances (found at http://www.amlegal.com/library/)
o Section 154.04 Adoption of Rules by Reference
o Section 159.105 Zoning Districts General Requirements
o Section 159.107 Commercial Districts
o Section 159.120 General Regulations
o Appendix C
· International Building Code 2009
o Section 302
o Section 303
o Section 503
o Section 602
o Section 1004
o Section 1005
o Section 1021
· Noblesville Zoning Map
Procedure
In this activity you will research the local code of ordinances and building codes to obtain important information needed to redesign the Keystone building.
The Keystone Building is within the city of Noblesville, Indiana. The Noblesville Code of Ordinances applies to this project location.
1. Identify the Building Code that applies in Noblesville by reviewing Section 154.04 Adoption of Rules by Reference in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances.
Indiana building code
2. Visit the Indiana Association of Building Officials website at http://www.iabo.com/ and follow the link to Current Codes. On which model code is the current Indiana Building Code based?
International Building Code
3. Using the International Building Code, find the Use and Occupancy classification of the proposed new Keystone Building.
Low-hazard storage, Group S-2
4. Using the International Building Code, describe each of the four types of construction. Based on the existing structure, under which of these types of construction could the Keystone Building fall? See section 503.1.
I. Steele framing encased in concrete
II. Steele framing
III. Noncombustable exterior, treated wood interior
IV.Heavy timber
V. Any materials allowed by code
Type IV
5. Compare the allowable Building Heights and Areas (IBC 2009 Table 503) for the Keystone Library using different construction types. What is the least restrictive construction type that can be used for the Keystone Library? Is a fire-protective layer required over the structural elements? Note: The letter A indicates that the structural members are protected by a fire-rated coating or cover (sheetrock, spray on, or another approved method). The letter B indicates that the structural members are not protected by an additional fire-rated coating or cover.
A-3
6. What materials do you propose to use for the new interior walls and floor for the Keystone Building? Justify your answer.
Treated wood interior becuase you don't want the building with people in it to burn down quickly.
7. Use the IBC to determine the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1004) for the Keystone Building assuming a second floor is added. For now, conservatively assume that the second floor is entirely stacks and that the first floor is entirely reading rooms. In addition, because there is currently no plan to include an outside stairway to the roof, assume that the occupants of the green roof must exit through the 2nd floor. The building inspector has determined, based on the planned use of the green roof as additional reading area, that the occupant load for the green roof may be based on the requirements for reading rooms.
200
8. The occupant load is used to determine the minimum egress width for the building. Use the IBC to determine the required total egress width (IBC 2009 Section 1005) for the Keystone Building including the second floor.
60 cm
9. What is the minimum number of exits required for the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1021)?
Six exits
10. Read IBC 2009 Section 1021.2. Is it permissible to have only a single exit from the ground floor? From the second floor? Justify your answers.
No, becuase you need a minimum of two exits per floor.
The answers to the following questions should be researched in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances and the Noblesville Zoning Map.
11. In which zoning designation does the Keystone building property lie? (Refer to the Keystone Library Site Location Map to help locate the site on the zoning map.)
12. Describe the purpose of this zoning designation. Document your answer with a section number from the code.
13. What is the minimum lot size within this designation? Does the Keystone Property meet this requirement? Document your answer with a section number of the code.
14. What is the maximum building height according to the Noblesville ordinance?
15. Read Section 159.120 of the Noblesville Code of Ordinances. Record any information that is important to the redevelopment of the Keystone building.
16. Is the Use proposed in Keystone Building Project permitted on this property? Document your answer.
17. When developing a property, when is landscaping and screening required?
Most locations within the United States fall within a municipality that regulates land use within its jurisdiction. Land Use regulations are designed to protect and promote the public health, safety, and general welfare. Typically they include Zoning Ordinances that control development by designating areas for specific types of use. These ordinances include laws that control a wide variety of development activities within each zoning area, including building construction, parking lot design, entrances and exits from property, water and sewer facilities, storm water runoff, and landscaping.
As part of local Land Use regulations, many municipalities have adopted the International Building Code to regulate the design and construction of non-residential buildings. Although some jurisdictions within a state may not use the IBC, state or local regulations will typically adopt the IBC by reference, meaning that the requirements of the IBC apply within the jurisdiction of that state or other government body.
Rules that control other aspects of development vary and are published by each municipality. It is important to identify the codes and regulations that apply to a project and become familiar with the requirements for development before beginning the design of a project.
Equipment
· Keystone Library Site Location Map
· Keystone Library Site Plan
· City of Noblesville, Indiana Code of Ordinances (found at http://www.amlegal.com/library/)
o Section 154.04 Adoption of Rules by Reference
o Section 159.105 Zoning Districts General Requirements
o Section 159.107 Commercial Districts
o Section 159.120 General Regulations
o Appendix C
· International Building Code 2009
o Section 302
o Section 303
o Section 503
o Section 602
o Section 1004
o Section 1005
o Section 1021
· Noblesville Zoning Map
Procedure
In this activity you will research the local code of ordinances and building codes to obtain important information needed to redesign the Keystone building.
The Keystone Building is within the city of Noblesville, Indiana. The Noblesville Code of Ordinances applies to this project location.
1. Identify the Building Code that applies in Noblesville by reviewing Section 154.04 Adoption of Rules by Reference in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances.
Indiana building code
2. Visit the Indiana Association of Building Officials website at http://www.iabo.com/ and follow the link to Current Codes. On which model code is the current Indiana Building Code based?
International Building Code
3. Using the International Building Code, find the Use and Occupancy classification of the proposed new Keystone Building.
Low-hazard storage, Group S-2
4. Using the International Building Code, describe each of the four types of construction. Based on the existing structure, under which of these types of construction could the Keystone Building fall? See section 503.1.
I. Steele framing encased in concrete
II. Steele framing
III. Noncombustable exterior, treated wood interior
IV.Heavy timber
V. Any materials allowed by code
Type IV
5. Compare the allowable Building Heights and Areas (IBC 2009 Table 503) for the Keystone Library using different construction types. What is the least restrictive construction type that can be used for the Keystone Library? Is a fire-protective layer required over the structural elements? Note: The letter A indicates that the structural members are protected by a fire-rated coating or cover (sheetrock, spray on, or another approved method). The letter B indicates that the structural members are not protected by an additional fire-rated coating or cover.
A-3
6. What materials do you propose to use for the new interior walls and floor for the Keystone Building? Justify your answer.
Treated wood interior becuase you don't want the building with people in it to burn down quickly.
7. Use the IBC to determine the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1004) for the Keystone Building assuming a second floor is added. For now, conservatively assume that the second floor is entirely stacks and that the first floor is entirely reading rooms. In addition, because there is currently no plan to include an outside stairway to the roof, assume that the occupants of the green roof must exit through the 2nd floor. The building inspector has determined, based on the planned use of the green roof as additional reading area, that the occupant load for the green roof may be based on the requirements for reading rooms.
200
8. The occupant load is used to determine the minimum egress width for the building. Use the IBC to determine the required total egress width (IBC 2009 Section 1005) for the Keystone Building including the second floor.
60 cm
9. What is the minimum number of exits required for the Occupant Load (IBC 2009 Section 1021)?
Six exits
10. Read IBC 2009 Section 1021.2. Is it permissible to have only a single exit from the ground floor? From the second floor? Justify your answers.
No, becuase you need a minimum of two exits per floor.
The answers to the following questions should be researched in the Noblesville Code of Ordinances and the Noblesville Zoning Map.
11. In which zoning designation does the Keystone building property lie? (Refer to the Keystone Library Site Location Map to help locate the site on the zoning map.)
12. Describe the purpose of this zoning designation. Document your answer with a section number from the code.
13. What is the minimum lot size within this designation? Does the Keystone Property meet this requirement? Document your answer with a section number of the code.
14. What is the maximum building height according to the Noblesville ordinance?
15. Read Section 159.120 of the Noblesville Code of Ordinances. Record any information that is important to the redevelopment of the Keystone building.
16. Is the Use proposed in Keystone Building Project permitted on this property? Document your answer.
17. When developing a property, when is landscaping and screening required?
Wednesday, November 23, 2011
Monday, November 7, 2011
2.3.4-Adding It Up to Green
Use
and
Copy and paste these into your blog and answer them in a different color.
Conclusion
1. What types of professionals should be included on a project team and throughout the project in order to obtain a LEED ID credit?
architecture or residential building designerer
mechanical and electrical engineer
building science or performance testing
etc.
mechanical and electrical engineer
building science or performance testing
etc.
2. What specific solar orientation practices can earn LEED credit?
The east-west axis of the building is within 15 degrees due east west.
3. What types of sites should be avoided in order to obtain LEED credit?
4. What basic landscape design practices should be followed in order to obtain LEED credits?
5. What are some ways that architects can obtain LEED credits concerning water efficiency?
6. What building components or systems can be enhanced to contribute to LEED credits that promote energy efficiency?
7. How can the choices of (or use of) materials affect the LEED rating of a home?
8. What is required to earn LEED credits with respect to moisture and indoor pollutants in kitchens and bathrooms?
9. From a public relations perspective, why might a company want to have a high LEED score?
Tuesday, October 18, 2011
Activity 2.3.2 Green Building and Sustainable Design |
Introduction
Green building design and sustainable architecture are reshaping the practices and products of modern construction. Climate change concerns and a sense of stewardship for the Earth are motivating the use of green building products and sustainable techniques. Energy use in buildings is increasing and could continue to rise. By using new sustainable methods, materials, and mechanical components, architects and engineers are able to create structures that can curb that trend. A sustainable building design reduces pressure on the environment by decreasing energy consumption during the life cycle of a building.
In addition to incorporating sustainable features, designers should also address occupant needs and comfort when planning a building. Desirable work space and living environments allow users to be more productive and comfortable. Careful consideration must be given to natural light and interior temperatures as well as materials that emit low levels of toxins.
In this activity you will learn about green and sustainable practices in preparation for the design of your Affordable House. During the design process, continually consider incorporating sustainable features into your home design.
Equipment
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->Engineering notebook
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->Computer with Internet access
Procedure
In groups of two to three, you will learn more about green and sustainable practices and then respond to the questions. For each statement below, describe a reasonable action. Use the US Green Building Council (www.usgbc.org) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov) sites to begin your search, but seek out reliable information on each topic from at least one other website source. . Be sure to cite each additional reference.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Rainfall falls on most parcels of property throughout the world. Describe one method that could be used to collect this natural resource.
You could use a butterfly roof to collect the water for showering and watering plants.
Website: http//_____http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-butterfly-roof.htm________________________________________________
2. Describe an innovative construction method or technique that benefits the environment.
You could use recycled heavy timber or metals for your building or newspaper insulation.
Website: http//______________http://www.toolbase.org/toolbaseresources/level3.aspx?bucketid=2&categoryid=17_______________________________________
3. During the construction cycle of the building, materials and components are delivered to the site. List a strategy that you will use to recycle the waste produced during the construction phase.
You could order the amount of materials you need as accurately as possible to reduce the amount of waste you create.
Website: http//___________http://www.clacksweb.org.uk/environment/constructionsitewastemanagement/__________________________________________
4. Energy use is high in commercial buildings. What might a designer do to reduce energy consumption in a building?
Use effective and efficient lighting, solar panels on the building, if it's a high rise building, maybe you could add some wind turbines on the top of the structure to generate energy.
Use effective and efficient lighting, solar panels on the building, if it's a high rise building, maybe you could add some wind turbines on the top of the structure to generate energy.
Website: http//_____________________http://www.toolbase.org/Home-Building-Topics/Green-Building/efficient-lighting-strategies________________________________
5. Building sites offer natural resources that can be utilized for the life of the building. Describe a method to use a site’s natural resources in the construction of the structure.
You could use vegetation around the site to reduce erosion. The plants' roots will hold the soil together to prevent the dirt from washing away and turning to mud, which is icky.
You could use vegetation around the site to reduce erosion. The plants' roots will hold the soil together to prevent the dirt from washing away and turning to mud, which is icky.
Website: http//_______________________________http://www.stormwaterok.net/F-1514-OSU.pdf______________________
Conclusion
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Describe an original green and sustainable idea that you have. Choose one that is not currently in use as far as you know.
Maybe you could compress large quantities of recycled paper into pillars and spray them with a water proofing agent.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Describe an improvement that you believe could be made to the building where you live. Describe why it is an improvement.
We could a skylight. Our house uses a lot of artificial light and a skylight could minimize the amount of energy we use for lighting.
We could a skylight. Our house uses a lot of artificial light and a skylight could minimize the amount of energy we use for lighting.
Friday, September 23, 2011
WEST POINT BRIDGE:
How do we design the best bridge? Let's go on an Information Hunt, looking for clues.
Find the words and definitions in West Point Bridge Design HELP and fill in the blanks below.
1. Click on HELP. Then select Help Topics.
2. You can type the word you’re looking for, or scroll down. Once you see the word, double click on the word you want to look up.
A. Materials:
1. Look up materials. List the 3 different types of materials
2. Scroll down to Notes and Tips. Read the section.
List strength and expense for each type of material.
3.
Type of material | Strength (weak to strong) | Cost (least to most) | |
1. | Carbon Steel | 1 | 1 |
2. | High Strength Low Alloy Steel | 2 | 2 |
3. | Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel | 3 | 3 |
B. Cross-Sections
- Go back to Index. Look up cross-section. Choose Cross-Section from menu. List the 2 different types of cross sections.
- Go back to Index. Look up cross-section. Choose the line that names the 2 cross section types. from the menu.
- Look for the boxes that describe when it is most economical to use each type of cross section.
Type of cross section | Better to use for: (tension or compression) | Shown as what color (blue or red) |
Hollow | Compression | red |
Solid | Tension | blue |
C. Engineering Design Process: What are the steps?
- Go back to Index. Look up engineering design process. Choose The Engineering Design Process from the menu.
- List the 7 steps.
- Identify the problem
- Define the problem
- Develop alternative solutions
- Analyze and compare alternative solutions
- Select the best alternative
- Implement the solution
- Evaluate the results
How do we optimize our bridge design?
Let's go on an Information Hunt, looking for clues.
A. Find the How to Design a Bridge page from the help index. What is the objective?
to create an optimal bridge design
B. Go to each step of the Design Process flowchart. Read about the step, especially the Notes & Tips section. Enter one important fact from each step.
¨ Select a Site Configuration
Bridges on a river will cost considerably more than a bridge built over ground
¨ Decide on a Truss Configuration
The configuration must be stable
The configuration must be stable
¨ Draw Joints
Joints can only be placed on snap points.
¨ Draw Members
Must be on drawing board mode.
¨ Load Test Your Design
Check your model for stability
¨ Strengthen All Unsafe Members
Use different materials that may be stronger
¨ Optimize the Member Properties
Minimize the material cost.
¨ Optimize the Shape of the Truss
Triangles are a strong shape
¨ Find the Optimum Truss Configuration
Try reducing the number of joints
¨ Find the Optimum Site Configuration
Find by trial and error
¨ Choose the Optimum Design
choose based on aesthetics, ease of construction, ease of maintenance, local availability of materials, and environmental impact ¨ Record Your Design
SAVE
SAVE
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Saturday, September 17, 2011
Wednesday, September 7, 2011
THIS IS MY CAREER Project 1.2.1
1. What is your age?
25
2. Where do you live?
Indiana
3. What do you like to do outside of work?
I enjoy creating models in Blender and developing web pages. I occasianally program games and other things.
4. What is your job title?
Architect I
5. When and why did you choose your career path?
I enjoyed drawing and planning things. Architecture seemed like an exciting career while I was in high school, so I took many architecture classes and obtained a masters degree in architecture.
6. What is the name of your company or employer?
Leo A Daly.
7. Describe your primary duties and skills. [Cite your source(s)]
I design the technical and aesthetical aspects of buildings. My skills include-
-being able to communicate effectively
-being creative
-being anylitical
-having knowledge in the business
-being a team player
-having good math skillz
(http://haddock.titu.jyu.fi/larkkidata/skills.html)
8. Describe your physical work environment.
I work in an office. I decorate it with pretty things :3
9. What is your favorite part of your job?
My favorite part of being architect is brainstorming ideas for the designs of the buildings I work on.
10. What is your salary? [Cite your source(s)]
Around $42,108
(http://www1.salary.com/Architect-Salary.html)
11. Which accredited school did you first attend, and what was your degree? [Cite your source(s)]
I first attended Cornell University in Ithaca, NY and obtained an assiociates degree in Architecture.
http://architecture.about.com/od/schools/a/Architecture-School-Rankings.htm
12. Describe in detail three of the courses that you took which are closely related to your current career. [Cite your source(s)]
I took technical drawing, model making, and computer rendering.
Technical drawing dealt with how to sketch out accurate representations of existing buildings and creating drawings of an architect's design.
Model making taught how to create miniature representations of structures. This skill is important for
explaining an architects ideas to others.
Computer rendering is used to create accurate representations of structures on a computer using computer rendering software such as blender.
http://www.ehow.com/list_6605135_courses-related-architecture.html
13. Describe the two courses that you considered most challenging. [Cite your source(s) and include a course listing from the appropriate degree program]
Calculus and architecture design.
14. What resources did your school have available to help you get through the most difficult courses? [Cite your source(s)]
Computers and teh internetzzz.
15. Regarding the two most challenging courses, how did you persevere?
Vary carefully.
16. From what school(s) did you receive graduate degrees? [Cite your source(s)]
Cornell University
http://architecture.about.com/od/schools/a/Architecture-School-Rankings.htm
17. What was the title or titles of the degree(s)? [Cite your source(s)]
M.Arch. Mast of architecture degree.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Architecture
18. What licenses do you have and what were the exams required to receive those licenses? [Cite your source(s)]
You need a architecture liscense. To obtain one, you must take an Architect Registration Exam.
19. How would your clients and co-workers describe you?
Hard working, focused, and determined.
20. What do you hope to accomplish at the conclusion of your career?
I hope to... become a fairly known architect.
21. Why should a high school student consider a career in your field? What important contribution(s) can they make?
A student might want to consider a career in my field because it is very interesting planning and building structures for the public. Architects create important buildings that will be used for many years if built correctly.
Conclusion
1. You described a career related to civil engineering and/or architecture. Is this the career field that you are currently most interested in at this stage in your life?
No. I'd rather go into something related to digital art or programming.
2. Rank and describe the three most important characteristics that you value in choosing a post-secondary school.
1. Ambition
2.Hard working
3.Determination
3. Rank the following in the order of importance to you regarding a career: job satisfaction; salary; making a difference; level of responsibility; titles; benefits; hours; co-workers; supervisors. How will a career in civil engineering or architecture satisfy the factor that you ranked highest?
1. Job satisfaction
2. Making a difference
3. Salary
4. Level of responsibility
5. Hours
6. Benefits
7. Titles
8. Supervisors
9. Co-workers
Well, if you like designing and building things, being an architect could be a very satisfying job.
25
2. Where do you live?
Indiana
3. What do you like to do outside of work?
I enjoy creating models in Blender and developing web pages. I occasianally program games and other things.
4. What is your job title?
Architect I
5. When and why did you choose your career path?
I enjoyed drawing and planning things. Architecture seemed like an exciting career while I was in high school, so I took many architecture classes and obtained a masters degree in architecture.
6. What is the name of your company or employer?
Leo A Daly.
7. Describe your primary duties and skills. [Cite your source(s)]
I design the technical and aesthetical aspects of buildings. My skills include-
-being able to communicate effectively
-being creative
-being anylitical
-having knowledge in the business
-being a team player
-having good math skillz
(http://haddock.titu.jyu.fi/larkkidata/skills.html)
8. Describe your physical work environment.
I work in an office. I decorate it with pretty things :3
9. What is your favorite part of your job?
My favorite part of being architect is brainstorming ideas for the designs of the buildings I work on.
10. What is your salary? [Cite your source(s)]
Around $42,108
(http://www1.salary.com/Architect-Salary.html)
11. Which accredited school did you first attend, and what was your degree? [Cite your source(s)]
I first attended Cornell University in Ithaca, NY and obtained an assiociates degree in Architecture.
http://architecture.about.com/od/schools/a/Architecture-School-Rankings.htm
12. Describe in detail three of the courses that you took which are closely related to your current career. [Cite your source(s)]
I took technical drawing, model making, and computer rendering.
Technical drawing dealt with how to sketch out accurate representations of existing buildings and creating drawings of an architect's design.
Model making taught how to create miniature representations of structures. This skill is important for
explaining an architects ideas to others.
Computer rendering is used to create accurate representations of structures on a computer using computer rendering software such as blender.
http://www.ehow.com/list_6605135_courses-related-architecture.html
13. Describe the two courses that you considered most challenging. [Cite your source(s) and include a course listing from the appropriate degree program]
Calculus and architecture design.
14. What resources did your school have available to help you get through the most difficult courses? [Cite your source(s)]
Computers and teh internetzzz.
15. Regarding the two most challenging courses, how did you persevere?
Vary carefully.
16. From what school(s) did you receive graduate degrees? [Cite your source(s)]
Cornell University
http://architecture.about.com/od/schools/a/Architecture-School-Rankings.htm
17. What was the title or titles of the degree(s)? [Cite your source(s)]
M.Arch. Mast of architecture degree.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Architecture
18. What licenses do you have and what were the exams required to receive those licenses? [Cite your source(s)]
You need a architecture liscense. To obtain one, you must take an Architect Registration Exam.
19. How would your clients and co-workers describe you?
Hard working, focused, and determined.
20. What do you hope to accomplish at the conclusion of your career?
I hope to... become a fairly known architect.
21. Why should a high school student consider a career in your field? What important contribution(s) can they make?
A student might want to consider a career in my field because it is very interesting planning and building structures for the public. Architects create important buildings that will be used for many years if built correctly.
Conclusion
1. You described a career related to civil engineering and/or architecture. Is this the career field that you are currently most interested in at this stage in your life?
No. I'd rather go into something related to digital art or programming.
2. Rank and describe the three most important characteristics that you value in choosing a post-secondary school.
1. Ambition
2.Hard working
3.Determination
3. Rank the following in the order of importance to you regarding a career: job satisfaction; salary; making a difference; level of responsibility; titles; benefits; hours; co-workers; supervisors. How will a career in civil engineering or architecture satisfy the factor that you ranked highest?
1. Job satisfaction
2. Making a difference
3. Salary
4. Level of responsibility
5. Hours
6. Benefits
7. Titles
8. Supervisors
9. Co-workers
Well, if you like designing and building things, being an architect could be a very satisfying job.
Wednesday, August 24, 2011
Monday, August 22, 2011
Saturday, August 20, 2011
Activity 1.1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Activity 1.1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Introduction
Can you name any of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? Each was a feat of civil engineering and architecture. What causes structures such as these to fill us with awe even today? What is it that makes them seem more wondrous in our time of modernization? These structures have paved the way for many new advances in the design of the structures you see today.
In this activity you will learn about the history of civil engineering and architecture. You will see differences between the two professions and learn of their beginnings.
Equipment
· History of Civil Engineering and Architecture presentation
Procedure
In this activity you will investigate the history of civil engineering and architecture. You will see differences between the two professions and learn of their beginnings. Copy and paste the following questions in your blog, and answer them in a different color.
1. Define civil engineering.
Deals with the design, construction, and maintanence of bridges, buildings, roads, canals, and dams. Build public works.
Deals with the design, construction, and maintanence of bridges, buildings, roads, canals, and dams. Build public works.
2. Define architecture.
Combination of art and science. Gernerally design buildings for human habitation. Concerned with aesthetics.
3. Describe the origination of the concept of architecture?
Architecture originated in Rome. The key concepts were durability, utility, and beauty.
4. In ancient times how were building materials chosen?
Chosen based on avaibability and climate.
5. Give two examples of vernacular architecture.
Mud huts with thatched roofs made of grass are an example. Igloos of ice are another example.
6. Name and describe the type of system used to create many early buildings.
Post and lintel. The post was a vertical column of stone and the lintel which was a stone piece placed horizontally over two columns.
7. What was the purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? Mexican pyramids?
They were built as burial places for their pharaos. The Mexican pyramids were built for religious and other uknown purposes.
8. What kind of construction method was used to build the Parthenon? Made a simple sketch to illustrate.
Post and lintel
9. What problem in architecture led to this form of construction?
It is easier to build an opening than cutting out an opening in a building.
It is easier to build an opening than cutting out an opening in a building.
10. Explain how an arch is created.
An arch conisists of at least two posts, the arch, and a keystone that holds the structure together.
An arch conisists of at least two posts, the arch, and a keystone that holds the structure together.
11. How is the vault used in civil engineering?
Used to build long hallways and tunnels.
Used to build long hallways and tunnels.
12. Give an example of an arch and dome system.
The capitol building roof.
13. Give an example of a modern material we have that was not available to the ancients. How did this restrict construction in ancient times?
We have steel. Without steel, civil engineers could not use long large horizontal beams becuase of stone's terrible tinsle strength.
14. What was the purpose of the Roman aqueducts?
They brought clean water from the mountains down to the city.
15. Compare ancient Greek roads to ancient Roman roads.
Greek roads were merely flattened dirt roads while Roman roads were layered with stone.
16. Describe an ancient Roman bridge.
They were arched and made of wood or stone and mortar. Their basic structure was an arch, which is a very strong shape.
17. How did building materials and methods change after the Romans.
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Conclusion
1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference?
There are green house pyramids. Obviously, these pyramids are built to house plants instead of dead people and we don't use stone to build the structures. We no longer build pyramids for dead people because we have different customs when it comes to burying our dead. Also, we have better, cheaper materials for building pyramids.
2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system.
Astronomy domes.
Astronomy domes.
3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed?
The main purpous of modern roads is to create routes for vehicles so they may easily travel to many places.
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